In the 19th century the strengthened nationalist movements in Europe brought Ottoman Empire to its unavoidable end. The trend towards nationalism that followed the proclamation in 1908 of the 2nd Constitution brought about new search in architecture. In Turkish architecture, the period known as Neoclassic Turkish Style or a National Renaissance in Architecture, which began at this time, was headed by the architects Kemalettin Bey and Vedat Bey. Later, during the Seventies, this style became known as the First National Architecture Movement. This new form of architecture tended to use a great number of the decorative features found in classic Ottoman architecture.
Efforts were made through a revival of classic Turkish architecture in the buildings of this period to create an architectural Renaissance or Turkish national architecture. During this revival, Islamic nations began to secede one by one from Ottoman rule and as a result, in stead of Pan- Islamism the movement towards Pan-Turkism became popular , that is, the creation of the concept of nationhood began. In architecture, this trend towards so-called nationalist style was more an attempt to implement the use of the wide eaves, domes, pointed arches, pillars, overhangs, triangular stalactite-like capitals (mukarnas) and tiled facing found in the old religious buildings. This style was predominately used in public works and did not really affect residential-building.
Although this period is named national architecture, the ornamental and exaggareted facades gives the sense of the authority of empire. This feature of the period conflicts with the fundamental norm of the republic regime, which does not feel the sovereignity of the public.That is because public were familiar with exaggrated ornament façades from monarch’s palaces. Eventhough the founders were totally against all norms of monarch’s regime, they did not stop building new Ankara in that fashion.
Avant-garde movements in architecture on the first half of the 20th century such as Bauhaus,Russian Constructivism or De Stijl created new technologies and a purist,non-ornamented aesthetics.These new trends affected recently created new environment in Turkey as well as they did all around the world.Especially in 1930s public buildings designed by German and Austrian architects such as Clemens Holzmeister,Ernst Egli,Hermann Jansen and Bruno Taut were contemporary according to their internal construction and technical qualities;however, visual expression of their façades were traditional.This contradiction created an anachronist expression on the urban fabric of Ankara,young capital of Turkey.
Followıng a period of approxımately ten years (1930-1940) during which attempts were made to keep pace with positive trends in world architecture, an reaction against the hegemony of foreign architects.This return to tradition was influenced by the Fascist movement in Italy and the rise of National Socialism in Germany with their totalitarian ideas.The new trend, which tended towards romanticism and aimed to create a new national architecture, influenced architecture in Turkey between 1935 and 1950. The movement, first under the name of the National Architecture, and later called the Second National Architecture. The preference was for the use of simple features from the domestic architecture of the past rather than the religious type of detail which had been used by the First National Architecture. Relying on producing the essence of these, importance was giving to hsymmetry, stone faced facades, and a monumental effect.This movement lasted until 1950.
Our interest in this research is introducing the Early Republican Turkish Architecture on three important names of this era, Mimar Kemalettin,Sedad Hakkı Eldem and Seyfi Arkan by giving a brief information about their lives and projects and one example of their works in Ankara for each architect.
References:
Baskan, Seyfi. "Çağdaş türk mimarlığında ulusçuluk ve tarih duyarlılığı." Yapı dergisi 03, 1999: 58-65. Print.
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